female rats were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity, followed by HFD with or without oral administration of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) at 400 mg/kg BW during pregnancy and lactation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milk polar lipids on gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rat dams. Obesity during pregnancy and lactation not only increases the incidence of metabolic disorders and gestational diabetes in mothers, but also programs adiposity and related metabolic diseases in offspring. Our study highlights the crucial role of MPL in the efficient digestion of emulsions and brings new insight for the design of infant food products. The amount of free fatty acid release of the emulsions in both gastric and intestinal digestion could be generally classified as MPL-S ≥ MPL-L > CN-S > CN-L. Moreover, although CN-S and CN-L showed a higher initial lipolysis rate at the beginning of gastric digestion, droplets covered by MPL exhibited a significantly higher amount of free fatty acid release during later digestion. Through the determination of particle size evolution, zeta-potential, and microstructure of emulsions, the lipid droplets covered with MPL were found to be more stable than that of the CN-S and CN-L during gastrointestinal digestion. The emulsions were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion using a semidynamic model mimicking infant digestion. Four types of emulsions were formulated: small and large droplets covered with MPL concentrate (MPL-S and MPL-L, with volumetric means of 0.35 ± 0.01 and 4.04 ± 0.01 μm, respectively), and small and large droplets covered with casein (CN-S and CN-L, with volumetric means of 0.44 ± 0.01 and 4.09 ± 0.03 μm, respectively). The well-used surface-active component casein was used as a control. This study investigated the lipid digestion of droplets covered with MPL with different sizes in a simulated in vitro. However, the precise effect of the emulsifier MPL on the digestion of lipids during gastrointestinal digestion has not been elucidated. Milk fat globule membrane polar lipids (MPL) are increasingly used as the surface-active components for emulsions in many infant food products. To increase MFGM purity while maintaining a high MFGM protein recovery, using larger volumes of wash solution is more advisable rather than increasing the number of washings from 2 to 3. Coalescence of fat globules occurs during isolation. The increase in wash temperature from 38 to 46 degrees C did not show a significant decrease in yield of MFGM proteins because of variation between the experimental replicates. Using deionized water as the washing solution did not increase the loss of MFGM proteins compared with other common salt solutions in terms of recovery of MFGM proteins and contamination with non-MFGM proteins. analysis of one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE after silver staining of the gel. The residue of non-MFGM proteins in the MFGM material obtained after washing was quantitatively determined using densitometric. In this study, using a cream separator, the influence of washing on the recovery of MFGM proteins was investigated. During the isolation of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from milk, washing is considered the most critical stage in which loss of MFGM components occurs.
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